Jonathan+Popovitch+Assignments

=

 * //1.//** //Write a summary of one of the articles you are reading for your project paragraph by paragraph. One or two sentences per paragraph is fine. You must do this in your own words. No significant amount of text can be copied from the abstract or any part of the paper. Either put the summary in bullet form on your research log or on// [|//AcaWiki//] //.// **//Due October 29, 2009 20:50 PM//** =====


 * Article:**

Dirk W. Lachenmeier, David Nathan-Maister, Theodore A. Breaux, Eva-Maria Sohnius, Kerstin Schoeberl, Thomas Kuballa [|DOI reference]
 * Chemical Composition of Vintage Preban Absinthe with Special Reference to Thujone, Fenchone, Pinocamphone, Methanol, Copper, and Antimony Concentrations**
 * 1) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry **2008** //56// (9), 3073-3081
 * [Full Marks JCB]**


 * __Article Summary__

Abstract** · Samples of absinthe from pre 1915 were analyzed to find the concentrations of the supposed toxic ingredients. · Tests showed nothing other than ethanol was a contributing factor in toxicity.

· Thujone content has been a subject of debate since the “pre-banned” absinthe. · In pre-ban times they calculated the content of thujone opposed to chemical analysis · The β-thujone is the active epileptiform in absinthe, which comes from the Atremisia absinthium, and Atemisia pontica (wormwood and Roman wormwood) · Authors claimed that pre-banned absinthe had much higher content of thujone · Previous authors determined concentrations through theoretical calculations, instead of chemical analysis · Average thujone content for pre-ban absinthe averages 17-23mg/L, determined by calculations, ranging from 0 mg/L to 76 mg/L depending on the wormwood species that was used. · Currently concentration experiments being conducted to determine actual values · Samples also analyzed for other toxins, such as fenchone, copper, and antimony
 * Introduction**

· **Samples** o Collected as many pre-ban bottles as possible o Each bottle had to fit a strict standard § 1L or 500mL § Sealed § Cork consistent with age of bottle § Not tampered with, or exposed to light/heat § Lineage traced back to primary source § Intact labels § Fill level was consistent with 100 year old bottle § Contents consistent with pre-ban absinthe § Name brand o Samples were taken by a hypodermic syringe to ensure the absinthe was not contaminated with outside particles o Modern absinthe was also tested · **Reagents and Materials** o Analytical chemicals used · **Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry for Thujone, Pincocamphone, and Fenchone** o Previous procedure for Pinocamphone, and Fenchone was used. o For calibration of the GC/MS solutions of thujone, pincoamphone, and fenchone were made up with the concentration of 0.1mg/L to 40mg/L o Agilent model 6890 GC/MS was used for the experiments, along with an Auto-Sampler from CTC Combi Pal o Ion monitoring was used in determining retention times. · **Volatile Constituents, Copper, and Antimony** o Each sample was tested for volatile constituents, such as various alcohols. o The samples were put through an atomic absorption spectroscopy instrument, in order to determine the amount of copper. o The concentration of antimony was determined by inductively couples plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
 * Materials and Methods**

· **Thujone** o Table describes the content of thujone in pre-ban absinthe along with post-ban, and modern legal absinthe o Experimental data backed up the original calculated concentrations o Analysis of the data through ANOVA shows the differences in data is miniscule o The claim of absinthe having a concentration of 250mg/L is disproven and false o Tota; of eight samples out of 32 samples are above the limit of 35mg/L of absinthe o Even if the absinthe is over the 35 mg/L limit, it poses no health threats to the drinker o Even if the thujone/body weight ratio was 0.8mg/kg the effects are not noticeable effects of the thujone o 5mg/kg body weight shows noticeable signs of thujone effects o Post-banned absinthe has a much lower content of thujone more than likely due to the species of wormwood used. o Illogical to have a fixed content maximum of thujone o Higher thujone content does not correspond to better sales or better flavor o Variability among brands could be due to storage, or season of bottling o Thujone seems to be stable at varied pH’s as well as ethanol percentages, except at pH of 11.5 then the α thujone to β thujone o Since the herbs used were dried over a year before distilling the seasonal changes varied causing different thujone concentrations · **Fenchone and Pinocamphone** o No sampling of these substances were previously done o Both are considered generally safe and by US FDA o French national legislation has the limit of 5mg/L for fenchone and 20mg/L pinocamphone o Fenchone amd pinocamphone were considered to cause epileptic convulsions o Isopinocamphone has powerful convulsion properties at 0.05mL/kg bodyweight o Both isomers of the pinocamphone inhibit the GABA receptors o Levels are experimentally much lower than the calculated values o Different types of hyssop could have been used to make the absinthe which would result in lower pinocamphone levels o LD50 for fenchone in mice is 6160mg/kg which is much higher than thujone · **Methanol and Higher alcohols** o Methanol and fusel alcohols could be contributing factors in the “absinthesim” condition o Pre-ban samples showed to have very clean alcohols and minimal amounts of methanol and other alcohols o Only one sample had a very high content of methanol at 1.7% by volume o In relation to contemporary alcohols all absinthes have lower methanol content · **Copper and Antimony** o Copper and antimony have also been blamed in the toxicity of absinthe o Copper content in the pre-ban beverages more than likely came from the copper stills that companies used to distill their product o Other alcohols have much higher copper content, such as sherry brandies, and sugar cane alcohols o No detectable antimony in samples
 * Results and Discussion**
 * Supporting Information**
 * Photo sampling was done during process


 * References** (59)

2. Answer one of the FAQ questions or create and answer an FAQ question relating to a topic relating to chemistry publishing. You must provide at least one relevant reference. You must summarize in your own words - copying text from anywhere verbatim is not allowed. **Due October 29, 2009 20:50 PM**

23. How do databases convert Toll Access Journals into Open Access Journals?
Many of the open access journals that are available now, once began as toll access journals and publications. Toll access is close to what it sounds like, in order to use the journal the user must pay a fee. This fee would reduce the cost to the author/publisher of the paper. Open access journals are almost the complete opposite, the information is free to users to access, however there is an extra cost for the publisher to get his/her work out there to more people.[1]

Journals can convert from a TA (toll access) to a OA(open access) in two different ways. The gradual method is a way for journals that have toll access to slowly transition into an open access. This is done by giving the authors an option to pay an article-processing fee (APC). If the author chooses to pay this extra fee, then their article will be placed in an OA (open access) section of the website. This is more of a 50/50 toll access journal then a full open access journal. The second method is a sudden conversion to open access. This process again is what it sounds like, a company that has attempted to be a Toll access and is not getting enough subscribers, and may change to an open access quite rapidly. This happens by the journals charging a relatively low APC, which is attractive to authors to publish their articles with them, due to the low cost and the free access for customers to access their work[1].

The Open Society Institute has made a guide for how to convert a Toll Access sites into an open access journal. This guide is complete with business strategies, product services, and information about the electronic marketplace[2].

An example a gradual change is Royal Society of Chemistry's Open Science[1]. A sudden conversion would be much like Hindawi Publishing Corporation, which is a smaller company that attempted to start in a toll market and was struggling, then the company decided to change over to the open access directory methods [1].

The list of companies that converted from Toll Access to Open access is [|here]

The [|Open Access Directory] is a list compiled of most of the journals that are open access, and free for viewers.

The opposite scenario of when an Open access journal changes to a Toll Access. When this happens all of the existing free documents remain free, however anything added after that day the public will have to pay to access. An example of this would be what happened with the Journal of Visual Experiments[3].

References: [1]“[|Converting to Open Access]” [|[2 Guide to Business Planning for Converting a Subscription-Based Journal to Open Access]] [|[3"JoVE Leaves Open Access Behind"]]

[JP]
3. Find 5 independent sources of 5 properties associated with a molecule of your choice. Provide all references. (see jcblog as an example of the format) **Due November 12, 2009**


 * Name:** Caffeine, 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine
 * Cas Number:** 58-08-2
 * Pubchem number:** 2519
 * MW:** 194.19 g/mol
 * Formula:** C8H10N4O2

23g/L ||
 * || [|Sigma-Aldrich][[file:aldrich 2.bmp]][[file:aldrich.bmp]] || [|Chem Spider] || [|Look Chem] || [|CRC Handbook][[file:CRC.bmp]] || [|Drug Bank] || [|Lunds Hanbook][[file:lunds ld50.bmp]] || [|Merk][[file:merk.bmp]] ||
 * Mp oC || 232 || 234-236 || 234-239 || 236.3 || 238 || 235 || 238 ||
 * Density (g/cm3) || 1.23 || 1.23 || 1.45 || 1.23 ||  ||   || 1.23 ||
 * LD50 (mg/kg) orally Rat || 192 || 192 ||  ||   || 127 || 127 || 355 ||
 * Bp oC ||  || 416.8 || 416.8 || Sublime 90 ||   ||   || sub 160-165 ||
 * Flash Point ||  || 205.9 || 205.9 ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Solubility g/L water room temp || slightly soluble ||  || 20 || 20 || 22 ||   || 0.022g/ml


 * || [|Wikipedia] ||
 * Mp oC || 227-228 (anhydrous) 234-235 (monohydrate) ||
 * Density (g/cm3) || 1.23 ||
 * LD50 (mg/kg) orally Rat || 192 ||
 * Bp oC || 178 (sublimes) ||

DONE
 * [Partial Marks - LD50 DrugBank is in mice not rats JCB]**

ChemSpider link fixed, solubility measurement from Merk converted, 2 screenshots from Sigma one for the LD50, one for solubility. Specified Rat in LD50. Done??